C. vexans (Staeger 1839)

Taxonomy	Biology	Distribution

Ceratopogon vexans Staeger 1839: 593. Denmark
(Edwards 1926: 405. Notes)
(Kettle & Lawson 1952: 435. Early stages, key)
(Campbell & P.C. 1960: 255. ♂, ♀, notes, keys, figs)    
(Jobling 1963: 149. Biology, larva)
(Kremer 1966: 91. ♂, ♀, notes, fig)
(Albu & Damian-Georgescu 1968: 333. ♂, ♀, notes, figs, Rumania)
(Glukhova 1979: 214. Larva, figs)
(Delecolle 1985: 129. ♂, ♀, notes, figs)
(Glukhova 1989: 293. ♂, ♀, notes, figs, larva)
    = pungens (Kieffer)
Palpomyia pungens Kieffer 1901: 163. France
    = perpungens Kieffer
Culicoides perpungens Kieffer 1919: 33. n.n. for pungens
    = ajbassovi Shakirzjanova
Culicoides ajbassovi Shakirzjanova 1962: 254. Kazakhstan
(Shakirzjanova 1962: 254. ♂, ♀, desc, figs)

Diagnosis and Notes

A blackish species with pale wings, often not easily separable from brunnicans. The wings are without markings; the AR is 1.1-1.4 and the SD is 3,5,7,9,11-15. Campbell & Pelham-Clinton state that the female may be separated from brunnicans by having antennal segments completely dark (in brunnicans segment 9 is dark only at the tip and 10 dark only half-way along. The male genitalia have the ventral root foot-shaped, and the parameres tapering to a point but without the sharp bends seen in brunnicans.
The figure of the wing is from Delecolle (1985) and of the male genitalia from Edwards (1939).